Nematophagous Fungi and Bacteria

This Spotlight On this month offers you a selection of abstracts from Nematological Abstracts relating to nematophagous fungi and bacteria, specifically Pasteuria penetrans as a biological control agent of nematodes.

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Arthrobotrys
Harposporium
Paecilomyces lilacinus
Verticillium chlamydosporium.

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  • Glossary of Plant Nematology and Related Terms, J. D. Eisenback, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology & Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Virginia, USA
  • The Physiology and Biochemistry of Free-Living and Plant-Parasitic Nematodes, Edited by R N Perry, Department of Entomology and Nematology, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, UK, and D J Wright, Imperial College at Silwood Park, University of London, UK
  • Potato Cyst Nematodes: Biology, Distribution and Control, Edited by R J Marks, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, Queen’s University of Belfast, UK and B B Brodie, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, New York, USA
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TI: Integrated management of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato using Verticillium chlamydosporium and Pasteuria penetrans.
AU: Rao, M. S.\ Reddy, P. P.\ Nagesh, M.
JN: Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems
YR: 1998
VL: 4
NO: 1
PP: 32-35
LA: En
MS: 7 ref.
AA: Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake P.O., Bangalore - 560 089, India.
AB: V. chlamydosporium (at 106 chlamydospores/g sand incorporated into the top soil beds at 200 2 and P. penetrans (at 105 spores/10 mg of tomato root powder, 1 g of this culture mixed with 100 g of sand and incorporated to top soil of 1 m2 nursery bed) were evaluated either singly or in combination (at half the dosages), for the management of M. incognita infecting tomato. In the nursery, V. chlamydosporium alone or in combination with P. penetrans was effective in increasing plant growth parameters of  tomato seedlings. In the field, integration of both the bioagents was most effective in reducing root galling, number of eggs per egg mass, nematode population in roots and soil, and in increasing root colonisation and egg parasitization with V. chlamydosporium, infection of M. incognita females with P. penetrans, and tomato fruit yield.
DE: Meloidogyne incognita\tomatoes\Verticillium chlamydosporium\Pasteuria penetrans\Meloidogyne\Pasteuria\Verticillium\biological control\control\plant parasitic nematodes\ biological control agents\nematophagous fungi\bacteria

TI: Effect of integration of Pasteuria penetrans, Paecilomyces lilacinus and neem cake for the management of root-knot nematodes infecting tomato.
AU: Reddy, P. P.\ Nagesh, M.\ Devappa, V.
JN: Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems
YR: 1997
VL: 3
NO: 2
PP: 100-104
LA: En
MS: 11 ref.
AA: Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake P.O., Bangalore 560 089, India.
AB: Neem [Azadirachta indica] cake at 1 kg/m2, Pasteuria penetrans at 28 × 107 spores/m2 and Paecilomyces lilacinus at 20 g inoculum/m2 were evaluated either singly or in combination (at half the dose) for the management of Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato under nursery and field conditions. Integration of all the 3 components gave maximum increase in plant growth parameters and the number of seedlings per bed. Parasitism of M. incognita females was maximum when neem cake was integrated with P. penetrans, while egg parasitism was highest when neem cake was integrated with P. lilacinus. Under field conditions, planting of tomato seedlings (raised in nursery beds amended with neem cake + P. penetrans) in pits incorporated with P. lilacinus at 0.5 g inoculum per plant gave the least root galling and nematode multiplication rate. The above treatment was also effective in increasing fruit weight and yield of tomato.
DE: Azadirachta indica\Pasteuria penetrans\Paecilomyces lilacinus\Meloidogyne incognita\plant parasitic nematodes\control\bacteria\nematophagous fungi\biological control\chemical control\nematicidal plants\plant extracts\extracts\multipurpose trees\neem seed cake\nematicidal properties

TI: Effect of ammonium nitrate and time of harvest on mass production of Pasteuria penetrans.
FT: Efecto del nitrato de amonio y el tiempo de cosecha en la producción masiva de Pausteria penetrans.
AU: Chen, Z. X.\ Dickson, D. W.
JN: Nematropica
YR: 1997
VL: 27
NO: 1
PP: 53-60
LA: En
LS: es
MS: 31 ref.
AA: Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA.
AB: The effects of various levels of ammonium nitrate and of harvest time on development of P. penetrans were determined. Five levels of ammonium nitrate (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 g/pot) and 5 different harvest times (37, 44, 51, 58, 65 days after inoculation) were tested separately with 6 replicates each for both experiments. Ammonium nitrate adversely affected the development of both Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 and P. penetrans. A quadratic relationship was established between the number of females per root system and the nitrogen levels. Number of endospores per root system and number of endospores per female were negatively correlated with the nitrogen levels and decreased 1.1 million and 0.013 million, respectively, per 0.1 g ammonia nitrate increment. Numbers of endospores per female were correlated with the time of harvest. Endospores per female increased 0.031 million per 100 degree days increment based on a developmental threshold of 17°C. These results will be useful for the cultivation of P. penetrans.
DE: bacteria\Pasteuria penetrans\ammonium nitrate\development\nitrogen\production\Meloidogyne arenaria\biological control agents\harvesting date\cultivation

TI: Effects of monoclonal antibodies, cationized ferritin, and other organic molecules on adhesion of Pasteuria penetrans endospores to Meloidogyne incognita.
AU: Esnard, J.\ McClure, M. A.\ Dickson, D. W.\ Hewlett, T. E.\ Zuckerman, B. M.
JN: Journal of Nematology
YR: 1997
VL: 29
NO: 4
PP: 556-564
LA: En
MS: 31 ref.
AA: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
AB: The incidence of adhesion of P. penetrans endospores to M. incognita J2 was studied after pretreatment of the latter with monoclonal antibodies (MAb), cationized ferritin and other organic molecules in replicated trials. Monoclonal antibodies developed to a cuticular epitope of M. incognita J2 gave significant reductions in attachment of P. penetrans endospores to treated nematodes. MAb bound to the entire length of J2 except for the area of the lateral field, where binding was restricted to the incisures. Since reductions in attachment with MAb treatment were modest, it is uncertain if these results implicated a specific surface protein as a factor that interacted in binding of the endospore to the nematode cuticle. Endospore attachment was decreased following treatment of the nematode with the detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Endospore attachment to live nematodes was significantly greater than attachment to dead nematodes. Attachment rates of 3 P. penetrans isolates to M. incognita race 3 varied between isolates. The effects of neuraminidase, pronase, pepsin, trypsin, lipase and Na periodate on endospore attachment were inconsistent. The cationic dye alcian blue, which binds sulfate and carboxyl groups on acidic glycans, had no consistent effect on endospore attachment. The incidence of endospore attachment was significantly lower but modest, at best, for nematodes that were treated with cationized ferritin alone or cationized ferritin following monoclonal antibody. The lack of consistency or extreme reduction in most experiments suggested that attachment of P. penetrans spores to M. incognita is not specified by only one physico-chemical factor, but may involve a combination of at least two physico-chemical factors (including surface charge and movement of the J2). This points to a need for analysis of combined or factorial treatment effects.
DE: Pasteuria penetrans\Meloidogyne incognita\adhesion\biological control\cuticle\binding sites\monoclonal antibodies\effects\ferritin\bacteria\plant parasitic nematodes\interactions
AN: 0T06701027

TI: Temperature effects on the attachment of Pasteuria penetrans endospores to Meloidogyne arenaria race 1.
AU: Freitas, L. G.\ Mitchell, D. J.\ Dickson, D. W.
JN: Journal of Nematology
YR: 1997
VL: 29
NO: 4
PP: 547-555
LA: En
MS: 31 ref.
AA: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36571-000, Brazil.
AB: As a preliminary study to a field solarization test, the effects of temperature on the attachment of P. penetrans on M. arenaria race 1 were investigated. Pre-exposing J2 of M. arenaria to approximately 30°C in water before exposing them to endospores increased their receptivity to endospore attachment when compared to treating J2 at 25°C or 35°C. In tests with soil, highest attachment occurred when J2 were incubated in soil infested with endospores and maintained at 20°C to 30°C for 4 days. Heating J2 in soil to sublethal temperatures (35°C to 40°C) decreased endospore attachment. Incubating P. penetrans endospores in soil at 30°C to 70°C for 5 hours a day over 10 days resulted in reductions of endospore attachment to nematodes as temperatures of incubation increased to 50°C and higher.
DE: Pasteuria penetrans\Meloidogyne arenaria\bacteria\biological control\cuticle\temperature\effects\bacteria\plant parasitic nematodes\interactions\effects
AN: 0T06701028

TI: Minimal growth temperature of Pasteuria penetrans.
AU: Chen, Z. X.\ Dickson, D. W.
JN: Journal of Nematology
YR: 1997
VL: 29
NO: 4 Supp
PP: 635-639
LA: En
MS: 21 ref.
AA: Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA.
AB: Regression analysis of developmental time (days) to various temperatures was used to determine the minimal temperature for growth and development of P. penetrans in Meloidogyne spp. The data set for regression originated from a previously published report. The data fit well to
hyperbolic equations. For various developmental stages of P. penetrans, the minimal growth temperature ranged from 16.7°C to 17.8°C and averaged 17.2°C.
DE: Pasteuria penetrans\biological control\temperature\growth\Meloidogyne\bacteria\plant parasitic nematodes\effects\development
AN: 0T06701025

TI: Comparative assessment of Pasteuria penetrans and three nematicides for the control of Meloidogyne javanica and their effect on yields of successive crops of tomato and melon.
AU: Eddaoudi, M.\ Bourijate, M.
JN: Fundamental and Applied Nematology
YR: 1998
VL: 21
NO: 2
PP: 113-118
LA: En
LS: fr
MS: 13 ref.
AA: Laboratoire de Nématologie, INRA, Centre Régeional du Souss Sahara, B.P. 124, Inezgane, Morocco.
AB: The effects of methyl bromide (70 2, itaconate dimethyl (ID) (3 2, cadusafos (4 2 and P. penetrans on M. javanica reproduction and gall index, and yield of 3 successive vegetable crops (tomato, melon, tomato) were evaluated in the greenhouse. Only methyl bromide treatments achieved a drastic reduction of nematode populations, resulting in low galling indices and significantly increased yield. Soil recolonization by nematodes during the 2nd year was important and caused yield reduction. ID had no nematicidal effect but caused a slight yield increase. Cadusafos had a delayed effect on nematode build-up and significantly increased yields. During the first crop, P. penetrans had no direct effect on nematode populations, gall indices and yield, but it multiplied actively in the soil. This effectively suppressed nematode populations and reduced gall indices on successive crops, which increased yield.
DE: methyl bromide\itaconate dimethyl\cadusafos\Pasteuria penetrans\Meloidogyne javanica\nematicides\control\tomatoes\melons\plant parasitic nematodes\chemical control\biological control\nematophagous fungi\effects
AN: 0T06701383

TI: Adherence and parasitism of Pasteuria penetrans on Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne arabicida.
FT: Adherencia y parasitismo de Pasteuria penetrans en Meloidogyne incognita y Meloidogyne arabicida.
AU: Rajas Miranda, T.\ Marbán-Mendoza, N.\ Vásquez, N.
JN: Manejo Integrado de Plagas
YR: 1997
NO: No. 44
PP: 7-13
LA: Es
LS: en
MS: 19 ref.
AA: Ministerio de Agricultura, Dirección de Investigaciones. Costa Rica.
AB: P. penetrans was evaluated as a potential control agent of M. incognita and M. arabicida. Tests of spore adherence to J2 cuticles were conducted. The effect of P. penetrans on the development of M. incognita and M. arabicida on tomato roots was also evaluated. P. penetrans was evident after 24 hours of inoculation, showing an average of 8 spores per J2 of M. incognita and 4 spores per J2 of M. arabicida. Spore adherence to juveniles was 95% for the first species and 75% for the second. Ethoprophos reduced 80 and 83% of the galling caused by M. incognita and M. arabicida respectively. P. penetrans reduced 44% of the galling by M. incognita and 36% for  M. arabicida. The bacterium decreased the multiplication rate by 71.2% for M. incognita and 63% for M. arabicida. Higher bacteria pathogenicity levels were observed for M. incognita (45%), than for M. arabicida (32%). The effect of P. penetrans in future nematode generations was evident since 51% of M. incognita and 22% of M. arabicida final soil populations had bacterial spores adhered to their cuticles.
DE: Pasteuria penetrans\Meloidogyne incognita\Meloidogyne arabicida\plant parasitic nematodes\bacteria\biological control\biological control agents\control\interactions\damage\ethoprophos\nematicides\tomatoes
AN: 0T06701401

TI: Use of aqueous suspensions for storing and inoculating spores of Pasteuria penetrans, parasite of Meloidogyne spp.
AU: Netscher, C.\ Duponnois, R.
JN: Nematologica
YR: 1998
VL: 44
NO: 1
PP: 91-94
LA: En
MS: 6 ref.
AA: ORSTOM, Faculty of Agriculture, University Gadja Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
AB: Techniques to increase spore concentrations and experiments on the effectiveness and longevity of spores are described. A simple sterilisation technique for equipment is described, and the practical value of the work is outlined.
DE: Pasteuria penetrans\Meloidogyne\bacteria\techniques\spores\plant parasitic nematodes\culture\sterilization\equipment\biological control agents
AN: 0T06700714

TI: Observations on spore attachment of Pasteuria penetrans to Meloidogyne species populations from vineyards in Bulgaria.
AU: Samaliev, H.
JN: Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science
YR: 1997
VL: 3
NO: 3
PP: 357-362
LA: En
MS: 8 ref.
AA: Agricultural University, Department of Entomology, BG-4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
AB: Investigations were carried out to determine if P. penetrans spores attached to the cuticle of J2 of Meloidogyne sp. populations from various vineyards in Bulgaria and whether the difference in spore attachment influenced their ability to infect the nematodes. Spores from each P. penetrans population were mixed with J2 of 3 Meloidogyne sp. populations and the number of spores attached to the nematodes was recorded 24 h later. Spores from P. penetrans populations (PpIC) attached more readily to most of the  Meloidogyne populations, and the spores of the Pp3 population attached readily only to one of the tested nematode populations. Meloidogyne incognita was more susceptible to P. penetrans compared to M. arenaria. The increase of spore concentration of P. penetrans spores and the time of exposure to the nematode had a significant effect on increasing the number of spores on J2. However, in the variants given more than 24 h exposure the number of female nematodes infected by P. penetrans was either small (55% PpIC 4, exposure 2 days) or infected females were not found (PpIC-5, PpIC-6, exposure 5 days). The number of infected females is the best indicator to determine the host status.
DE: Pasteuria penetrans\Meloidogyne incognita\Meloidogyne arenaria\interactions\bacteria\plant parasitic nematodes\grapes\Bulgaria\hosts\Meloidogyne
AN: 0T06700909

TI: Estimating incidence of attachment of Pasteuria penetrans endospores to Meloidogyne spp. with tally thresholds.
AU: Chen, Z. X.\ Dickson, D. W.
JN: Journal of Nematology
YR: 1997
VL: 29
NO: 3
PP: 289-295
LA: En
MS: 18 ref.
AA: Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA.
AB: In this study the use of tally thresholds was evaluated for estimating P. penetrans endospore attachment to J2 of Meloidogyne spp. A tally threshold (T) is defined as the maximum number of individuals in a sample unit that may be treated as absent based on binomial sampling. Three different data sets that originated from centrifugal bioassay, incubation bioassay and field experiments were investigated. The data sets each contained 70, 33 and 111 estimates of the mean number of endospores attached per J2 (m), respectively. Empirical relationships between m and proportions of J2 with ³T   endospores attached (PT) were developed using parameters from the linear regression of ln(m) on PT (0 < PT < I): ln(m) = a + b PT. T was set to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 10 endospores/J2. The results indicated that the variances of linear equations tended to decrease with increasing T values for all 3 data sets. T values of 0, 1, 8 and 10 endospores/J2 for centrifugal bioassay and incubation bioassay, and of 0, 1, 2 and 3 endospores/J2 for field experiments were associated with an r2 of £ 0.8. These T values were robust for estimating m from PT, reducing the variability as well as the time and effort spent in estimating the mean number of endospores attached per J2.
DE: Pasteuria penetrans\Meloidogyne\biological control\sampling\plant parasitic nematodes\bacteria\interactions
AN: 0T06700534\7E01901101

TI: Antibodies from chicken eggs as probes for antigens from Pasteuria penetrans endospores.
AU: Chen, S. Y.\ Charnecki, J.\ Preston, J. F.\ Dickson, D. W.\ Rice, J. D.
JN: Journal of Nematology
YR: 1997
VL: 29
NO: 3
PP: 268-275
LA: En
MS: 27 ref.
AA: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA.
AB: The potential of developing antibody probes to identify endospores of different isolates of P. penetrans was investigated as means of developing methods to discriminate isolates with different host preferences. Polyclonal IgY antibodies were raised in chickens against endospores of P. penetrans isolates P20 and P100. Hens were injected with P20 or P100 endospore suspensions and boosted at 14 days. Anti-spore titres were determined with ELISA on yolk extracts of individual eggs as a function of time. The highest titres were found in eggs produced at 22 to 35 days after initial injections. Yolk extracts showing the highest titres were combined and processed to provide partially purified IgY preparations. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analyses identified protein antigens with Mr values of 23-24, 46 and 57-59 KDa common to both P20 and P100 endospores. One protein antigen with an Mr value of 62 KDa was unique to the P100 endospores. The IgY antibodies reduced the attachment of Pasteuria endospores to their Meloidogyne hosts, indicating antibody interaction with antigens on the endospore surface that are involved in the recognition and attachment processes.
DE: Pasteuria penetrans\biological control\ELISA\Meloidogyne arenaria\Meloidogyne incognita\Meloidogyne javanica\proteins\SDS-PAGE\antibodies\eggs\probes\antigens\bacteria\immunodiagnosis\Meloidogyne\interactions\molecular genetics\monoclonal antibodies
AN: 0T06700693\7E01901298

TI: Modulation of spore adhesion of the hyperparasitic bacterium Pasteuria penetrans to nematode cuticle.
AU: Sharma, S. B.\ Davies, K. G.
JN: Letters in Applied Microbiology
YR: 1997
VL: 25
NO: 6
PP: 426-430
LA: En
MS: 27 ref.
AA: IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, UK.
AB: Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) raised to the cuticle surface of J2 of Heterodera cajani were partially characterized by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Five antigens with relative molecular weights (Mr) 55, 80, 110, 180 and 210 kDa were identified with 6 mAb. Pasteuria spores, originating from the same population of H. cajani to which the antibodies were raised, were tested for their ability to attach to J2, which had been pretreated with each of the mAb. Monoclonal antibody HC/129 was found to reduce spore attachment by 42%, whereas HC/145 increased spore attachment by 124%. This is the first record of an antibody binding to the cuticle and increasing spore attachment, and suggests that components of the cuticle involved in inhibiting spore attachment may be masking the Pasteuria receptor present on the cuticle.
DE: Pasteuria penetrans\Heterodera cajani\modulation\adhesion\cuticle\monoclonal antibodies\plant parasitic nematodes\bacteria\interactions
AN: 0T06700536

TI: Management of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in sunflower.
AU: Devappa, V.\ Krishnappa, K.\ Reddy, B. M. R.
JN: Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences
YR: 1997
VL: 31
NO: 2
PP: 155-158
LA: En
MS: 8 ref.
AA: Department of Plant Pathology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore 560 065, India.
AB: Carbofuran at 2 kg a. i. per ha, neem cake [Azadirachta indica] at 2.5 t per ha and Pasteuria penetrans at 924 g of inoculum per m2 were evaluated either singly or in combination, for the management of M. incognita infecting sunflower, under field conditions. A combination of carbofuran, neem cake and Pasteuria penetrans significantly increased the plant growth characteristics like shoot height, shoot weight, root length, root weight and grain yield, and reduced the nematode population in soil and root galling.
DE: carbofuran\Azadirachta indica\Pasteuria penetrans\Meloidogyne incognita\sunflowers\plant parasitic nematodes\nematophagous fungi\nematicides\nematicidal plants\biological control\control\chemical control\plant extracts\extracts\nematicidal properties\multipurpose trees
AN: 0T06700414\7Y01100648\7E01900894

TI: Isolation and pathogenicity of fungi and bacteria to the root-knot nematode of coffee, Meloidogyne spp. Goeldi.
FT: Aislamiento y patogenicidad de hongos y bacterias al nematodo del nudo radical del cafe Meloidogyne spp. Goeldi.
AU: Cardona B., N. L.\ Leguizamón C., J. E.
JN: Fitopatología Colombiana
YR: 1997
VL: 21
NO: 1
PP: 39-52
LA: Es
LS: en
MS: 41 ref.
AA: Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, A. A. 7378, Medellín, Colombia.
AB: Paecilomyces lilacinus, Hyphomycetes sp. nov. and Pasteuria penetrans were isolated and evaluated against eggs, J2 and females of Meloidogyne spp., in vitro. P. lilacinus 9201 caused 94% infection of females, Hyphomycetes sp. 94% infection of eggs and 100% of J2 and P. penetrans 80% of J2. The bacteria did not infect eggs and females.
DE: Paecilomyces lilacinus\Hyphomycetes\Pasteuria penetrans\Meloidogyne\plant parasitic nematodes\nematophagous fungi\bacteria\biological control\laboratory tests\biological control agents\evaluation
AN: 0T06700173\7E01901146

TI: Diversity and partial characterization of putative virulence determinants in Pasteuria penetrans, the hyperparasitic bacterium of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.).
AU: Davies, K. G.\ Redden, M.
JN: Journal of Applied Microbiology
YR: 1997
VL: 83
NO: 2
PP: 227-235
LA: En
MS: 34 ref.
AA: Entomology and Nematology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts., UK.
AB: Antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) raised to the surface of P. penetrans were characterized. Using the attachment of spores of the bacterium to host Meloidogyne incognita race 2 to determine the biological variability present on the spore surface greatly underestimated the amount of surface heterogeneity present compared with estimates from immunological techniques. This heterogeneity differed not only between different individual spores from the same population but also between different spore populations. None of the Mabs completely inhibited any spore population from attaching to the nematode cuticle, suggesting that the mechanism of attachment may be more complex than previously supposed. Chemical degradation of one particular epitope  recognized by monoclonal antibody PP1/117, and designated ep117, occurred after treatment with NaOH, periodate or Proteinase K, suggesting that an O-linked glycoprotein may be involved. Fibronectin, which had been found to bind to Pasteuria spores through hydrophobic interactions, also prohibited the Mab from recognizing ep117. However, SDS-PAGE of spore extracts followed by immunoblotting showed that none of the Mabs could detect this epitope and so ep117 may be conformational in nature. Thus, the conformation of any particular epitope recognized by a Mab may be important in determining to which nematode a particular spore will attach. The distribution of a particular epitope within a population of spores will in turn therefore determine its virulence on a particular nematode.
DE: plant parasitic nematodes\nematoda\diversity\characterization\virulence\nematoda\mel oidogyne\Meloidogyne incognita\bacteria\Pasteuria penetrans\hyperparasitism
AN: 0T06700026

TI: Effect of spore sonication on attachment and host-attachment range of Pasteuria penetrans to the root-knot nematode.
AU: Orui, Y.
JN: Applied Entomology and Zoology
YR: 1997
VL: 32
NO: 1
PP: 101-107
LA: En
MS: 12 ref.
AA: Leaf Tobacco Research Laboratory, Japan Tobacco Inc., Oyama, Tochigi 323, Japan.
AB: The optimum conditions for attachment to J2s of the root-knot nematode by Pasteuria penetrans sonicated spores, and their host-attachment range were studied. P. penetrans isolates MIP, MAP and MHP from Meloidogyne incognita, M. arenaria and M. hapla, respectively, were used. Spore attachment increased with increasing spore sonication time. Spores sonicated for 30 min had maximum attachment to J2, and attachment tended to decrease when spores were sonicated for 50 min. The increase in attachment with sonication was much higher in MIP than in MAP or MHP. When McIlvaine buffer of pH 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 was used, the optimum pH for spore attachment shifted to a higher pH after spore sonication. The number of spores attached to J2 increased markedly with increases in temperature from 15 to 30°C. Each isolate of P. penetrans retained its host-attachment range after spore sonication. Further, the sonicated spores of MAP, MIP and MHP were examined for their host-attachment range among 10 Japanese Meloidogyne species. MAP attached in large numbers to only M. arenaria of both esterase types A-1 and A-2, and MIP to M. incognita, M. javanica and M. camelliae. However, MHP attached to a rather wide range of species, M. camelliae, M. hapla, M. mali, M. suginamiensis and a species close to M. mali.
DE: interactions\plant parasitic nematodes\biological control agents\meloidogyne\hosts\bacteria\Pasteuria penetrans
AN: 0T06601514

TI: Temperature-dependent development of Pasteuria penetrans in Meloidogyne arenaria.
AU: Serracin, M.\ Schuerger, A. C.\ Dickson, D. W.\ Weingartner, D. P.
JN: Journal of Nematology
YR: 1997
VL: 29
NO: 2
PP: 228-238
LA: En
MS: 24 ref.
AA: Department of Entomology and Nematology, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA.
AB: The effects of temperature on P. penetrans development in M. arenaria were determined. Developmental stages of P. penetrans were viewed with a compound microscope and verified with scanning electron microscopy within each nematode at 100 accumulated  degree-day intervals by tracking accumulated degree-days at 3 temperatures (21, 28, and 35°C). Five predominant developmental stages of P. penetrans were identified with light microscopy: endospore germination, vegetative growth, differentiation, sporulation, and maturation. Mature endospores were detected at 28, 35, and >90 calendar days at 35, 28, and 21°C, respectively. The number of accumulated degree-days required for P. penetrans to reach a specific developmental stage was different for each temperature. Differences were observed in the development of P. penetrans at 21, 28, and 35°C based on regression values fitted for data from 100 to 600 accumulated degree-days. A linear response was observed between 100 to 600 accumulated degree-days; however, after 600 accumulated degree-days the rate of development of P. penetrans levelled off at 21 and 28°C, whereas at 35°C the rate decreased. Results suggested that accumulated degree-days may be useful only in predicting early developmental stages of P. penetrans.
DE: plant parasitic nematodes\biological control\heat sums\development\life cycle\meloidogyne arenaria\scanning electron microscopy\temperature\heat sums\meloidogyne arenaria\development\interactions\bacteria\Pasteuria penetrans\effects\pathogens\hosts
AN: 0T06601517\7E01901200

TI: Suppression mechanisms of Meloidogyne arenaria race 1 by Pasteuria penetrans.
AU: Chen, Z. X.\ Dickson, D. W.\ Mitchell, D. J.\ McSorley, R.\ Hewlett, T. E.
JN: Journal of Nematology
YR: 1997
VL: 29
NO: 1
PP: 1-8
LA: En
MS: 31 ref.
AA: Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
AB: The biological control of M. arenaria on peanut (Arachis hypogaea)by P. penetrans was evaluated using a 6 × 6 factorial experiment in field microplots over 2 years. The main factor were 6 inoculum levels of J2 of M. arenaria race 1 (0, 40, 200, 1000, 5000 and 25,000 J2/microplot, except that the highest level was 20,000 J2/microplot in 1995) and 6 infestation levels of P. penetrans as percentages of J2 with endospores attached (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). The results were similar in 1994 and 1995. Numbers of eggs per root system, J2 per 100 cm3 soil at harvest, root galls and pod galls increased with increasing nematode inoculum levels and decreased with increasing P. penetrans infestation levels, except that there was no effect of P. penetrans infestation levels on J2 per 100 cm3 soil in 1994. There were no statistical interaction effects between the inoculum levels of J2 and the infestation levels of P. penetrans. When the infestation level was increased by 10%, the number of eggs per root system, root galls and pod galls decreased 7.8% to 9.4%, 7.0% to 8.5%, and 8.0% to 8.7% in 1994 and 1995, respectively, whereas J2 per 100 cm3 soil decreased 8.8% in 1995. The initial infestation level of P. penetrans contributed 81% to 95% of the total suppression of pod galls, whereas the infection of J2 of the subsequent generations contributed only 5% to 19% suppression of pod galls. The major suppressive mechanism of M. arenaria race 1 by P. penetrans on peanut is the initial endospore infestation of J2 at planting.
DE: plant parasitic nematodes\Arachis hypogaea\biological control\Meloidogyne arenaria\Meloidogyne arenaria\suppression\control\bacteria\Pasteuria penetrans\control\groundnuts\USA (Florida)
AN: 0T06601930\7E01900885

TI: Compatibility between Pasteuria penetrans isolates and Meloidogyne populations from Spain.
AU: Español, M.\ Verdejo-Lucas, S.\ Davies, K. G.\ Kerry, B. R.
JN: Biocontrol Science and Technology
YR: 1997
VL: 7
NO: 2
PP: 219-230
LA: En
MS: 32 ref.
AA: Departamento de Patología Vegetal, Institut de Recorca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaàries (IRTA), Crta. de Cabrils s/n, E-08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain.
AB: Several populations of Pasteuria isolated from fields in Spain were compared with other Pasteuria populations, held in collections at the Institute de Recerca i Tecnologia, Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Cabrils or IACR-Rothamsted, for their ability to adhere to and infect Meloidogyne spp. grown on host plants differing in their susceptibility to root-knot nematodes. The results showed a high level of variation in both the ability of a population of Pasteuria to adhere to a particular population of nematode and vice versa. In particular the isolates of Pasteuria originating from M. hapla retained a high level of specificity for the species from which they originated. The infection of the nematodes by the bacteria was generally low, even when nematodes were encumbered with relatively high levels of spores. It is suggested that prolonged storage (6 years) may reduce the ability of spores to infect nematodes independently of adhesion.
DE: plant parasitic nematodes\storage\adhesion\compatibility\meloidogyne\populations\spain\interactions\bacteria\Pasteuria penetrans
AN: 0T06601509

TI: Relationship of Pasteuria penetrans spore encumberance on juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita and their infection in adults.
AU: Rao, M. S.\ Gowen, S. R.\ Pembroke, B.\ Reddy, P. P.
JN: Nematologia Mediterranea
YR: 1997
VL: 25
NO: 1
PP: 129-131
LA: En
MS: 3 ref.
AA: Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 2AT, Berks., UK.
AB: Investigation of the relationship of P. penetrans spore encumbrance of juvenile M. incognita and their infection in adults revealed that infection of P. penetrans occurred only in 20 and 28% of females in tomato root system developed from the J2 encumbered with one and two spores of this biocontrol agent, respectively. Infection by P. penetrans occurred in 64% of females of root-knot nematodes developed from the J2 encumbered with 8-12 spores of P. penetrans. Hence, it was necessary to infect nematode juveniles with several spores of P. penetrans to have optimum encumbrance to ensure high infection rates of females.
DE: plant parasitic nematodes\meloidogyne incognita\infection\adults\infectivity\bacteria\Pasteuria penetrans
AN: 0T06601516

TI: Effect of the rhizosphere microflora on Pasteuria penetrans parasitizing Meloidogyne graminicola.
AU: Duponnois, R.\ Netscher, C.\ Mateille, T.
JN: Nematologia Mediterranea
YR: 1997
VL: 25
NO: 1
PP: 99-103
LA: En
MS: 19 ref.
AA: ORSTOM, Laboratoire de Nématologie, B.P. 1386, Dakar, Sénégal.
AB: The effect of the rhizosphere microflora associated with spores of P. penetrans on the attachment of the spores on juveniles of M. graminicola has been studied. The microflora stimulated the attachment of the spores on the juveniles and consequently reduced the invasion of the roots of tomato plants by the nematodes. The role of a helper rhizosphere microflora for biocontrol of root-knot nematodes by P. penetrans is suggested.
DE: plant parasitic nematodes\microbial flora\meloidogyne graminicola\rhizosphere\microbial flora\interactions\bacteria\Pasteuria penetrans\soil fauna
AN: 0T06601507

TI: Effects of long term storage and above normal temperatures on spore adhesion of Pasteuria penetrans and infection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica.
AU: Giannakou, I. O.\ Pembroke, B.\ Gowen, S. R.\ Davies, K. G.
JN: Nematologica
YR: 1997
VL: 43
NO: 2
PP: 185-192
LA: En
LS: de
MS: 22 ref.
AA: Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, Berks RG6 6AT, UK.
AB: The effects of storage and temperature on the attachment and infection of root-knot nematodes by Pasteuria penetrans were investigated. Storage for 11 years did not reduce the ability of P. penetrans to attach to juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica but it greatly decreased levels of infection compared with that obtained using freshly produced spores from the same population. Preheating spores to above normal temperatures (60°C) significantly increased attachment but reduced infection.
DE: plant parasitic nematodes\biological control\meloidogyne javanica\effects\storage\adhesion\infection\interactions\bacteria\Pasteuria penetrans\temperature\biological control agents\pathogenicity
AN: 0T06600967\7E01802865

TI: Ultrastructure, morphology, and sporogenesis of Pasteuria penetrans.
AU: Chen, Z. X.\ Dickson, D. W.\ Freitas, L. G.\ Preston, J. F.
JN: Phytopathology
YR: 1997
VL: 87
NO: 3
PP: 273-283
LA: En
MS: 40 ref.
AA: Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620, USA.
AB: The ultrastructure, morphology,and sporogenesis of 4 isolates of P. penetrans were investigated by SEM and TEM. The effects of different Meloidogyne spp. and tobacco cultivars on sporangium size and morphology of endospores attached to the cuticle of Meloidogyne J2 were investigated. The P. penetrans isolates (from Florida, USA) were: P-20 from M. arenaria race 1 in Levy County; P-100 from Meloidogyne sp. in Pasco County; B-4 from Pratylenchus scribneri in Seminole County; and P-120 from Meloidogyne spp. in Alachua County. Sporangia of the 4 isolates were identical morphologically and similar in their dimensions; ranging from 2.39 to 3.42 µm  in diam. and from 1.38 to 2.38 µm in height. Different Meloidogyne spp. and tobacco cultivars had no effect on sporangium size. Endospores attached to J2 were visualized in 3 forms; endospores retaining the sporangium wall, endospores covered with a thin exosporium and endospores without covering. Sporogenesis of P. penetrans was similar to that of other Gram-positive bacteria and generally matched the 7-stage scheme reported for Bacillus thuringiensis.
DE: plant parasitic nematodes\biological control agents\bacteria\interactions\Meloidogyne\Pratylenchus scribneri\Pasteuria penetrans\pathogens\hosts
AN: 0T06600966\7E01802863

TI: Studies on the potential use of Pasteuria penetrans as a biocontrol agent of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.).
AU: Tzortzakakis, E. A.\ Channer, A. G. R. de\ Gowen, S. R.\ Ahmed, R.
JN: Plant Pathology
YR: 1997
VL: 46
NO: 1
PP: 44-55
LA: En
MS: 27 ref.
AA: Department of Agriculture, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 2AT, UK.
AB: Some aspects of the interaction of Pasteuria penetrans and Meloidogyne spp. were investigated in laboratory and
pot experiments. The variable spore attachment on juveniles exposed to water suspensions of the bacterium is probably attributed to differential susceptibility of biotypes within a heterogeneous Meloidogyne population. The relationship between spore concentration and attachment level is not linear over a range of spore dosages, indicating that even at very high spore concentrations the number of spores capable of attachment may not be present in excess and it is difficult to ensure sufficient numbers of spores to ensure infection will attach to all nematodes. Attempts to apply the bacterium in conditions such as might occur in seedbeds did not suppress nematode multiplication after transplanting in nematode-infested soil, indicating that the only effective application method is a thorough spore distribution in the planting sites. Two major constraints were revealed: high levels of spore attachment to juveniles does not always guarantee a significant reduction of egg laying and this is greatly influenced by the Meloidogyne biotype. Furthermore, the cumulative effect of the parasite in reducing Meloidogyne populations over several crop cycles was less than expected as the bacterium reduced intra-specific competition for the food supply and the less damaged root enabled many nematodes to survive.
DE: nematoda\nematoda\meloidogyne\bacteria\Pasteuria penetrans\control\biological control\biological control agents\plant parasitic nematodes\pathogens\hosts
AN: 0T06600622\7E0180207623/